the bomb :: essays research papers fc

     August sixth 1945, 70,000 lives were finished in a meter of seconds. The United States had dropped a nuclear bomb on the city of Hiroshima then on Nagasaki. Today many contend about whether or not the US ought to have taken such an intense measure. Was it totally important that we drop such an overwhelming weapon?      First see what was happening at the time the choice was made. The US had been battling a gigantic war since 1941. The result was evident however the two sides kept on battling, and both were resolved to win. Clearly the best thing would have been to carry the war to a snappy end, with at least setbacks. In a gathering on the eighteenth of June the Joint War plans Committee gave Truman anticipated passing rates running from a low of 31,000 to a high of 50,000. This number is a lot of lower than gauges from different sources. Air conditioning Snow, a News and Observer manager, composed â€Å"The attack was normal to be the Armageddon of world war II. A few students of history venture that a million or more lives would have been lost.† President Truman and secretary of war, Henry Smitten, said that dropping the bomb was a military activity that maintained a strategic distance from the loss of numerous lives in the up and coming intrusion of Kyushu.      I wonder what might have happened had the A-bomb not been utilized? The most clear thing is that the war would have proceeded for any longer. Us powers in this manner, would have needed to attack the home island of Japan. A few history specialists state the quantity of losses could have arrived at a million us fighters, dead or injured. Likewise, our powers would not just need to fend off the Japanese military, however they would need to protect themselves against the regular citizens of Japan also. The Japanese would have proceeded to battle the US with all they had.      No one can say precisely what might have occurred, in light of the fact that let’s face it, nobody knows. It’s conceivable Japan was going to hand over its genuine acquiescence, yet most proof would not concur with that. One thing that focuses to the Japanese not giving up would be Kamikaze pilots. Kamikaze were â€Å"suicide† pilots. They would stack a plane up with explosives and attempt to crash it into an adversary target. The Japanese Warrior would battle until the end, for his Emperor and his nation. They alarming thing about this is most of the Japanese’s military idea along these lines. The way that the adversary is prepared to pass on as long as you kick the bucket with him isn't something that an officer needs to think

Spaghetti western Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Spaghetti western - Research Paper Example In this regard, the term ‘Spaghetti’ at first was intended to minimize this classification of movies, yet later on, the movies came to be acknowledged because of the aesthetic creativity of the makers, in spite of their lean financial plans. Along these lines, Spaghetti westerns accomplished worldwide acknowledgment because of their unparalleled peculiarity and uniqueness in style and inventiveness, instead of the customary American Hollywood style. Most pundits call attention to that Spaghetti Western rose at the beginning of Sergio Leone’s filmmaking style; this style is obviously delineated in Leone’s set of three of movies that have increased worldwide approval since the time their discharge in the ‘60’s forward-thinking. The main job in this set of three was played by Clint Eastwood, and the sound track was finished by Ennio Morricone; after the gigantic achievement of this set of three Leone, Eastwood and Morricone became commonly recogni zed names in the movie business for their remarkable capacity at coordinating, acting and structure individually. Leone’s Spaghetti westerns are recognizable through various ways; right off the bat, despite the fact that they depend on the customary American western film, Leon’s idea of the west is misrepresented in the entirety of its perspectives. As it were, Leone depicts west that is more out of control and more sensible than the typical one, and this relevant setting gives the general tone of his movies (Scherpschutter and Lindberg). From his movies, it is clear that not at all like customary American westerns, the Spaghetti westerns have a solid tone that is described with extraordinary brutality and mercilessness. Spaghetti Westerns overstates the American way of life and setting to feature the contentions in the film, a method that makes them extraordinarily powerful, in contrast to the American westerns. Being so much activity arranged, exchange in the spaghet ti westerns is rare and dark as it is went with obscure sounds tracks. For example, Morricone’s sound tracks were portrayed by irregular sounds, for example, quick discharges, splitting whips and whistles, notwithstanding the trumpets, the electric guitar and the harp. These irregular sound tracks assumed an exceptionally crucial job in the spaghetti western film, in that they help to upgrade the dramatization and anticipation in the movies. Consequently, the spaghetti westerns have been compared to the old style drama that immensely depended on the melodic component to explain its storyline. Much the same as in the show, the spaghetti westerns depend on the music to outline their storylines in detail, so as to make it understandable to the viewership. Spaghetti western chiefs implanted parts of the Italian culture (portrayed by recklessness and wacky pressures) into their accounts; this is encapsulated in the savagery delineated by the Mexican scoundrels. This Italian social viewpoint is additionally featured through short proximity camera visuals of the actors’ face responses and their firearms, and along with the peculiar sound tracks;â these angles help in working up the pressures in the spaghetti western movies (â€Å"Spaghetti Westerns and Italian Culture†). Spaghetti western movies are additionally eminent for their atypical saint characters that don’t strike as thoughtful, however rather have inclinations normal to the antagonist of the story. In other word, the saint is increasingly similar to the scoundrel, consistently grimy and chaotic, some of the time

An Unlikely Source of Gratitude and How it Changes Lives

An Unlikely Source of Gratitude â€" and How it Changes Lives I don’t pay much attention to my Facebook news feed, but this morning I woke up to something that caught my attention. My friend Jacob in Minneapolis had posted a message of gratitude. Gratitude that he was alive, and that he has such a supportive community of friends and family. This sort of message might not be an attention grabber if it weren’t for its context: Jacob, an avid cyclist, had been hit by a minivan on his way to work the day before his message. The story was newsworthy: the driver of the minivan had just tried to hang a toddler in her home and had hit and dragged another pedestrian for blocks as well. Jacob chose to focus on gratitude. Thankfully, Jacob escaped with his life and two breaks in his leg that required surgery. For someone whose life is focused around cycling, dancing, and skiing, an injury like this could be devastating. But, despite the fact that my friend’s bike was crushed, his spirits most definitely were not. Last year, another friend who makes his living through physical performance had a major injury that sidelined him for months. He expressed similar gratitude and has made a full, bright recovery. And there’s always the remarkable James Hinchcliffe, the only person ever to survive the type of severe internal injuries he incurred in a 2015 race car driving accident. After a remarkable recovery, he is one of the favorites on the current season of Dancing with the Stars and reports about the crash, Every day I wake up with an attitude and an outlook on life that I wouldnt have had without it. So Im reminded every day of all the good that came out of it. A famous 1978 study of recent paraplegics found that they are equally as happy if not happier than recent lottery winners â€" largely because they are able to gain pleasure from everyday activities that might not give pleasure to someone who has just acquired an outside item. The pleasure of a win can fade, but the pleasure of appreciating life does not. Jacob’s story, and other stories of survivors, are great examples of how gratitude can make a difference and inspire others. Perhaps because of his spirit, a GoFundMe campaign easily surpassed its $5,000 goal in just one day, climbing quickly (through almost 200 donations of $100 or less) toward the $7,000 mark. People like gratitude. Gratitude inspires gratitude! Yesterday a friend said to me, “Life it great! It is different every day!” I agree, and this week especially I am remembering to appreciate all the gifts it offers â€" especially those that might not look like gifts on the surface. I wish the same for you as you head into Thanksgiving week. Can you find gratitude for something you might not have felt grateful for? That’s a practice that will lead to a joyous life. Save Save Save

The Pyramid of the Magician - Maya Site of Uxmal Mexico

The Pyramid of the Magician, also known as the House of the Dwarf (Casa del Adivino, or Casa del Enano), is one of the most famous Maya monuments of Uxmal, an archaeological site in the Puuc region of Yucatan, in the northern Maya Lowland of Mexico. History Of the Pyramid Of the Magician Its name comes from a Maya tale of the 19th century, titled the Leyenda del Enano de Uxmal (The Legend of the Uxmal’s Dwarf). According to this legend, a dwarf constructed the pyramid in one night, helped by his mother, a witch. This building is one of the most impressive of Uxmal, measuring about 115 feet in height. It was constructed  over the Late and Terminal Classic periods, between AD 600 and 1000,  and five constructive phases have been detected. The one visible today is the latest one, built around AD 900-1000. The pyramid, over which the actual temple stands, has a peculiar elliptical form.  Two staircases lead to the top of the pyramid. The Eastern staircase, the wider, has a small temple along the way that cut the stairway in half. The second access stair, the Western, faces the Nunnery Quadrangle and is decorated with friezes of the rain god Chaac. The Pyramid of the Magician is the first building a visitor encounters entering the ceremonial area of Uxmal, just north of the Ball Game Court and the Palace of the Governor and east of the Nunnery Quadrangle. Several phases of the temple constructed on top of the pyramid are visible while ascending the pyramid from the base to the top. Five construction phases have been detected (Temple I, II, III, IV, V). The facades of the different phases  were decorated with stone masks of the rain god Chaac, typical of the Puuc architectural style of the region. Sources Mc Killop, Heather, 2004, The Ancient Maya. New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara, CaliforniaAA.VV. 2006, Los Mayas. Rutas Arqueologicas: Yucatan y Quintana Roo. Edicià ³n Especial de Arqueologia Mexicana, num. 21 (www.arqueomex.com)

The Role of Connecting Unrelated Events in Developing...

On the Shoulders of Giants: The Role of Connections in Developing Intelligence Abstract This paper provides motivation for making connections between unrelated events as a basis for intelligence. The ability to apply this extended information as a problem-solving technique instantiates the true nature of intelligence. Therefore, it is obvious the field of artificial intelligence should use the same approach. The way these connections are made and the occasional necessity for their modification is discussed. Examples are given showing the use of connections between linguistics and sociocultural systems studies and between engineering design and nature. Next, several examples connecting artificial intelligence with computer†¦show more content†¦Susan connected her falling during the biking accident to the doll falling. Sentient beings use these connections as one method of developing intelligence. Therefore, it stands to reason artificial intelligence researchers rely on these connections to forward study in the field. Connections have been found to exist between linguistics and sociocultural systems studies and engineering and nature. Also, connections exist between artificial intelligence and computer programming, mathematics, astronomy, and engineering. Researchers in artificial intelligence themselves have varied backgrounds. This, however, is not unique to the field. History shows a precedence for connectionist activity in many of the great discoverers of the past. Therefore, researchers in artificial intelligence are expected to continue the practice of drawing from other disciplines in their quest to develop artificial intelligence. Early Connections: The Role of Experience Leonardo da Vinci said: all our knowledge finds its origins in our perceptions (Willis, p. 47). Just like falling off a bike, experiences form ones perception of how the world functions into a term called folk physics (Bechtel, p. 72). These workings can then be applied to new problems. Tackling new problems using previous solutions or experiences and applying this information to unrelated problems is known as analogy in problem-solving (Andrew, p. 7). Sometimes these analogies are incorrect, butShow MoreRelatedLodging Inductry24737 Words   |  99 Pagesand satisfied customers. This would include identifying consumer needs, developing a good product, and pricing, distributing, and promoting it effectively. This chapter introduces all of these terms and gives an overview of their place in the marketing world. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Students should be able to: 1. Understand the relationships between the world’s hospitality and travel industry. 2. Define the role of marketing and discuss its core concepts. 3. Explain the relationshipRead MoreMarketing Discussion15807 Words   |  64 Pagesinvolved in marketing ten types of entities: goods, services, events, experiences, persons, places, properties, organizations, information, and ideas. A) Goods Physical goods constitute the bulk of production and marketing efforts. B) Services A growing portion of business activities are focused on the production of services. The U.S. economy today consists of a 70–30 services to goods mix. C) Events 5 Marketers promote time-based events such as trade shows, artistic performances, and the OlympicsRead MoreEducation13037 Words   |  53 Pagessection of the textbook is to highlight the various types of business information systems found in organizations and how they relate to one another. The chapters found within this section speak to various types of business information systems and their role in helping ï ¬ rms reach their strategic goals. Though each chapter is devoted to a speciï ¬ c type of business information system (e.g., those used for strategic decision making, supply chain management, customer relationship management, and enterpriseRead MoreEssay on bussines stretegy LOLC 19948 Words   |  40 Pagesorganization, A vision of a business conveys a larger sense of purpose in which as example the employees see themselves as building an apartment complex rather than laying stones.† The Cargill’s Ceylon PLCs vision statement, To be a global corporate role model in community – friendly national development. The vision statement of Cargill’s Ceylon has both positive and negative feedback. It is a good vision statement which has started with the word ‘To â€Å"depicting that it is future oriented. Further theRead MoreRÃÆ' ©sumÃÆ' © Marketing Management, 14th Edition - Kotler Keller26673 Words   |  107 PagesSUMMARY PART 1 Understanding Marketing Management 4 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century 4 Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans 5 PART 2 Capturing Marketing Insights 13 Collecting Information and Forecasting Demand 13 Conducting Marketing Research 16 PART 3 Connecting with Customers 18 Creating Long-term Loyalty Relationships 18 Analyzing Consumer Markets 21 Read MoreComputer and Internet in Education13526 Words   |  55 Pagesat the University of California, Los Angeles. Elisheva F. Gross, currently a Ph.D. candidate at the University of California, Los Angeles, was founding creative director of Plug In! Teen Talk on America Online, a nonprofit enterprise dedicated to developing communication, technical, and creative skills among atrisk teens. Abstract The increasing amount of time children are spending on computers at home and school has raised questions about how the use of computer technology may make a differenceRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pageshelps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London MadridRead MoreTalent Management Issues and Challenges15913 Words   |  64 Pagesclimb a tree, but it is easier to hire a squirrel†. Vice President, HR of Seagram, Mr. Gopi Nambiar, says talent can be best described as a combination of abilities and attitudes. The real trick is to match the right motivated talents to the right role, individually and collectively, harnessing and harmonizing this crucial attribute to achieve the objectives of your company. Today, companies have become fiercely competitive when it comes to attracting and retaining talent. According to BranhamRead MoreThe Management and Control of Quality 8e34169 Words   |  137 Pagesinspection d. Team-based initiatives Answer: c AACSB: Analytic Skills Japanese companies made significant penetration into Western markets by which decade? a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s Answer: c AACSB: Analytic Skills _____ is credited with developing control charts. a. Eli Whitney b. Frederick W. Taylor c. Walter Shewhart d. W. Edwards Deming Answer: c AACSB: Analytic Skills 9. 10. 11. 12. Page 5 of 26 http://www.helpyoustudy.info http://www.helpyoustudy.info 13. WhichRead MoreSarap Strategic Management Paper18055 Words   |  73 PagesVisayas and Mindanao regions as a separate entity from that of Luzon and GMA for reasons that the cultures and taste preferences are so distinct in itself creating a world of possibilities for the business. †¢ On consumer purchasing habits, developing lower cash outlay products as an answer to a growing economic reality. Simultaneously, other efforts on master brand activations and company-wide initiatives are deemed to be necessary as it can assist Sarap address growing direct and indirect

Ethical Lens Inventory Free Essays

Your personal preferred lens is: Reputation Lens You listen to your intuition (sensibility) to determine what character traits and virtues will best serve the community (equality). Your Core Values: Equality and sensibility You prioritize the value of equality over autonomy. Your primary concern is the well-being of the whole community and you believe that assuring the community’s well-being is the best way to assure that individuals are treated fairly. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Lens Inventory or any similar topic only for you Order Now You prioritize the value of sensibility over rationality. You believe the best results are achieved by examining each situation in its own context rather than applying one-size-fits-all solutions. Your Classical Values: Fortitude You demonstrate courage and steadiness in the face of obstacles. You tend to avoid rash actions while at the same time charting an untested course. You value connections and friendship, appreciating those who work with you as you. Your Key Phrase: â€Å"I make virtuous choices. † Because you value equality and sensibility, you tend to assume that everyone lives out the positive character traits required by their role. Your Definition of ethical behavior: Living out Role Responsibilities You define an ethical person as one with sound character traits and habits of thoughtful reflection. For you, those who demonstrate strong leadership in their roles and who encourage others to do the same exemplify ethical behavior. Your Tools for analyzing problems: Tradition You like to gather information about what others in your role or a similar situation have done, as you carefully assess a problem. Even as you consider what others you respect have done in similar situations, you will remain attentive to the unique needs of the community in this case. Your Gift: Compassion Because you value equality, when you are at your best, you demonstrate compassion for others. You care about the community as a whole and about its individual members. While living into the requirements of the role you have assumed, you are able to â€Å"tell the story† of each member of your community. Your Blind spot: Unrealistic Role Expectations Because you rely so strongly on the virtues associated with various roles, you run the risk of developing unrealistic role expectations. You will tend to rely too much on the virtues associated with a particular role, forgetting that individuals are fallible regardless of their role. Even those who live fully into the virtues required in their role may not be able to resolve all problems. Your Risk: Self-Righteousness When you lack compassion for others, you run the risk of believing that the perks and privileges of your role belong to you because you are better than others. This can make you susceptible to insincere flattery and immune to constructive critiques preventing you from doing your job effectively. Your Temptation: Entitlement If you are not paying attention, your temptation will be to believe that you are entitled to special privileges, because you have not accurately assessed yourself or the situation. You will forget that you are not the same as your role and will persuade yourself that your role gives you rights inconsistent with good character. Your Vice: Hardness of Heart Without compassion, you tend toward hard-heartedness, unwilling to consider the needs of individuals. Clergy, judges, elected officials – and others with responsibility to the whole community – are particularly prone to thinking they know what the problem is without listening to the individual case and to applying capricious and inappropriate solutions. Your Crisis: Confusion Unless you develop the practice of mindfulness and reflection, at some point you will confront the loss of your center, especially if you lose the role with which you have become identified. You run the risk of being misunderstood and losing your personal authenticity unless you remember that you are not your role. Your Seeing Clearly: Use your head To see more clearly, check to see whether your gut and your head agree. To find balance, explore the gifts of the other lenses – consistency and concern for the individual. As you consider the character traits necessary for a healthy community, remember to temper your actions with concern for individuals. Look for ways to balance the rights of individuals with the well-being of the community and remember that consistency is not the same as uniformity. As you learn to consider other perspectives in your decision making process, you will live out the best of your ideals with compassion and care for others. How to cite Ethical Lens Inventory, Essay examples

Bhakti Poetry concepts and Aesthetics free essay sample

About the generic term bhakti, Krishna Sharma in the Preface to his book Bhakti and Bhakti Movement says, â€Å"The common man in India understands the word as religious devotion in a general sense, regardless of the differences in the forms of its manifestation, caused by variations of beliefs and practices. But the academics understand it differently. In all scholastic works, bhakti is treated a specific religious mode. It is defined in terms of a belief and an attachment to a personal God. † The medieval schools of bhakti believed that there is one supreme divine person whom the human soul, as a finite spiritual being, eternally seeks. They also believed that as long as the human soul does not realise its true spiritual nature, it wanders unhappy from birth to birth. According to them, the grace of god awakens the soul to its spiritual nature, which creates a longing for the infinite spirit, which they said was same as bhakti. â€Å"The history of bhakti is the history of a growing spiritualization of religion, i. e. to say of a movement increasingly away from external ritualism in practice and a growing sense of nearness of the deity in experience. 1 This moving away from ritualism and laying emphasis on the experience began in the southern part of India by the Vaishnavite Alvars and Shaivite Nayanars and came to be known as the Bhakti Movement. The movement spread throughout India in the due course of time. It not only had an impact on religious beliefs and rituals but also on arts and cultures. It led to the growth of regional languages, devotional songs and poetry. Poetry played an important part in Bhakti Movement. Though the aim of the movement in the south was same as in the north, the style of Bhakti poetry of the south 1 Susmita Pande(1982), pg? 12. differed with that of the north. When studying Bhakti poetry, we come across terms like Dohas, Ramainis and Pads: †¢ Dohas (two liners) or Sakhis (witnessings), also called sloks by Sikhs. These couplets can either be recited or sung. †¢ Ramainis are rhymed lyrics that end in a Doha †¢ Pads(verses) or Sabdas(words). These are sung compositions whose length varies from four verses to twelve or more. Each begins with a title verse that also serves as refrain. The Bhakti proponents of northern India were generally called sants or bhakts depending on the School the belonged to. The Schools we are talking about were the Nirguna and Saguna Schools. The Nirguna School did not believe in image worship as they believed that god was without attributes. They used the word Ram in their poems to address god. They believed, god was nameless, imageless. Their proponents were called sants. Famous amongst them were Kabir and Ravidas. On the other side was the Sagun School, which believed in god with attributes and they poems surrouned around the images and stories of Krishna and Rama. Their proponents were called bhakts. Among the famous bhakts were Surdas, Tulsidas and Mirabai. Irrespective of the schools, proponents of both sides propagated a doctrine that transcended the caste system and encouraged individuals to seek personal union with the supreme divine. Their messages of personal religion were conveyed to the people through the their pads. These pads and the Bhakti saints’ teachings had a great impact on the lives of the people of their times. I will now take one sant and one bhakt and look into their works and theories. Then I will look into the question of women in Bhakti poetry through Mirabai’s poems. KABIR THE SANT: Kabir, who lived around the 15th century, believed in the fundamental equality of man. His belief was based on the essential unity of God. In this regard, he says: Only the One I recognize Those who call him two will go to hell For they know not the reality. All human beings are sustained by the same air and water, And are illuminated by the same light. And all have been formed out of the same dust, And their creator is the same. 2 Kabir, a critic of his contemporary society questions the caste system by asking weather the Brahmans had milk in their veins and the Sudras had blood. If this was not so then why were Brahmans Brahmans and Sudras Sudras? He also questions that if the Brahmans were superior then why were they not born in a different way? Kabir does not stop only at caste but goes on to creed as well. He upheld the concept of the unity of God? head and denounced the differences between different religious followers, especially between Hindus and Muslims. Kabir’s poems can be categorized into two regions. One is the Rajasthan? Punjab western poetry and the others are the poems of Kabir from Banaras. Kabir is worshipped in the Kabir Panth (Kabir’s path), which is a community of people from humble backgrounds. These followers of Kabir have the responsibility for assembling the poetry collected in a volume called the Bijak. If we study the Bijak poems of Kabir closely, we find his poems oozing with confidence. Through these poems Kabir was ready to challenge any authority of any religion, be it the Qazi or the Brahmin. The Banarasi Bijak poems of Kabir do 2 Kabir’s Padavali, pg? 55. not acknowledge any deities. In his poems we can find the use of the word ‘Ram’ not as Lord Rama of the Ramayana but as a general word for God. If there is the mention of any Gods in any of Kabir’s Bijak poems then these are not to acknowledge them but rather in denial. There is no mention of Goddesses in any of the Bijaki poems of Kabir. On analysing the western style of Kabiri poems, we find many of Kabirs poems have been incorporated into the Sikh Granths. Along with poems of Sikh Gurus, Kabir’s poems are sung in congregational worship even today. In spite of different sects or religions following Kabir’s teachings, there is not even a slightest sign of any affinity to any religion in Kabir’s poems. What Kabir believed was the fundamental oneness of man and human spirit. He rejected the caste system as well as the inequalities based on the belief in superiority of a particular race or religion. He said that all human beings are made of skin, blood and bones and there can be no differentiation on the basis of religion. Kabir, as I have stated earlier, lived around the 15th century. If we reflect back today and see, for a person of the lower caste, like Kabir, to write about unity, equality and brotherhood of all at a time when society believed in religious and racial superiority truly looks revolutionary. TULSIDAS’ AESTHETICS OF POETRY: Tulsidas is considered to be one of the best poets of Hindi literature. He was a liberal Brahmin who translated the Ramayana into popular Hindi. His Ramayana would later become northern India’s single most important religious text. His Ramacharitamanasa according to A. A. Macdonnell, is ‘a kind of Bible to a hundred millions of people of northern India. ’ Nothing elated M. K. Gandhi ‘like the music of Gita and Ramayana of Tulidas. ’3 His writings are rich with deep thoughts and inspiring sentiments. Of all the Bhakti poets, Tulsidas took an integrated and holistic view of society and this is very much visible in his poetry. Tulsidas talks about the aesthetics of Bhakti poetry. In this regard he says that a word and its meaning are very closely related. One that is meaningless is beyond usage and exists only in the mind of a thinker but would certainly not have any place in poetry. According to him though a word and its meaning look separate, they are actually not. â€Å"Tulsidas observes that the word is one with its meaning, as water with the wave, though they are distinguished in speech. †4 Tulsidas uses the words sundara, madhura and manjula for beauty but does not give a definition of beauty. Beauty, he thinks, cannot be described; for sight is without speech and speech is without sight. †5 Tulidas finds it impossible to depict the beauty of Rama and Sita in words. In his poetry we find that he has handled the sentiments of love and humour with morality and propriety. He is very definite on the concept of poetry. In regards to the Constituents of Poetry, Bharadwaj says that, â€Å"Composition is diverse according to its words, meanings, figures of speech, and metres. It consists of various kinds of emotion, sentiment, rasa, excellence, and defect. Bhamaha, Dandi, Kesava and some others laid emphasis on figures of speech (alankara); Vamana on style (riti), Kuntaka on innuendo (vakrokti), 3 Bharadwaj(1979), pg? 340. 4 Ibid pg? 267. 5 Das(1922) I? pg? 228 Anandavardhana and Abhinavagupta on sonus (dhvani); and Bharata muni and Visvanatha on rasa. But Mammata demanded that a literary composition should be full of merits (guna) and be devoid of defects (dosa), even though there were or were not any figures of speech or embellishments. In a like strain Tulsidas admits many kinds of word, meaning, metre, and composition, and lso innumerable varieties of emotion, sentiment, rasa, excellence and defect,†¦.. †6 it was therefore necessary, that a poet should have mastery over vocabulary (kosa), figures of speech (alankara), coalition (sandhi), flow (gati), concord (maitri), and choice of words and letters (varnavichara). 7 WOMEN IN BHAKTI POETRY: Bhakti poetry was not only lyrical. It also through its lyrics raised a voice aga inst many prevailing social values and traditions. Whenever we think of devotees of lord Krishna, few names like Surdas, Chaitanya and Mirabai come to our minds instantly. Mirabai’s devotion for Krishna can be termed as love and by publicly expressing this love in the form of singing and dancing Mirabai violated the existing norms of her times. Mirabais poems can be classified roughly into four categories: 1. Poems of salutation, 2. Poems of love for Krishna, 3. Poems of dissatisfaction with the world and a certain Rana, and 4. Poems of separation. Mirabais most powerful poems are those in which she accepts Krishna as 6 Bharadwaj(1979) pg? 268. 7 Ibid pg? 267. her husband and describes her loving devotion to him. In most of her compositions, the body is female and the love is wound. In one of Mirabai’s poems, the translation reads: He has bound my heart with the powers he owns, MotherHe with the lotus eyes. Arrows like spears: this body is pierced, and Mother, he’s gone far away. When did it happen, Mother? I don’t know but now it’s too much to bear. Talismans, spells, medicinesI’ve tried, but the pain won’t go. Is there someone who can bring relief? Mother, the heart is cruel. Here I am, near, and you are not far: Hurry to me, to meet. Mira’s MountainLifter Lord, have mercy, cool this body’s fire! LotusEyes, with the powers you own, Mother, With those powers you’ve bound. In this poem we see that Mirabai is addressing a female friend with the general expression ‘Mother’. As the poem proceeds we realise that she is actually appealing to Krishna. Her friend may stand near her, but Krishna is the person she really hopes is ‘not far. ’ This is who she really wants to meet. 9 He re we can study gender realities? male is the inflictor of injury (Krishna) and female is the 8 Hawley (2005), 168 9 ibid injured party (Mirabai herself). Mirabai’s poems also contain a sense of longing and erotic love. There is a double fantasy of weakness and control. CONCLUSION: The Bhakti movement cannot be called a mass movement for it did not directly aim at changing the living conditions of the masses. It was a movement whose aim was individual salvation. For the Bhakti proponents, real devotion was not the renunciation of the world. Devotion for them was repeating God’s name and seeking him within oneself while carrying out the daily duties. They propagated humanism and individualism. They were against any form of organised or institutionalised religion. Its ultimate goal was mystical union with god and it used poetry to achieve this goal. Bhakti poetry reached the masses and showed them the path to reach God. Till today many people read the Gita or Quran without actually understanding it but Bhakti poetry was not only read, recited or sung by the masses but their deep rooted meanings were understood by the people. Bhakti perfected the notion of man and god and of ritual and conduct. The movement liberated many people spiritually.

Analysis on Nippon Paint Ads free essay sample

Paint Nippon paint is the largest paint manufacturer within Asia nowadays, which is established in Japan since 1881. With more than 120 years of experience in paint technology, they are profound in producing a variety of paints like emulsion, wood, metal and spray paint to suit different customers’ needs in several areas, for example, private and public residential and commercial buildings. High quality of lives and environmental friendly are of their main concerns. With these caring missions, the unique selling point of the brand is odour-less, and low degree of formaldehyde released, which helps sustaining healthy lives of both human and environment. ‘Innovation, Service and Leadership’ are their three main principles with the aim that helps rewarding future by harmonizing people, nature and society. To reach the target audiences widely, Nippon paint mainly employs TV advertisement to promote its products, printed poster, catalogue and outdoor billboard can also be founded in the market in advance. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Nippon Paint Ads or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this analysis, a published printed poster together with a catalogue on 2012 is selected and analyzed, which is promoting the latest Nippon paint ‘Gold Formaldehyde-Buster Odour-Less All-In-1’. This paint has the advanced ‘Formaldehyde Abatement’ technology that can decompose all the harmful material and transform to natural water molecules. The possible target audience is health-conscious parents, especially pregnant mother or having young children. In this piece of advertisement, rhetoric devices, including logos and pathos, are used to persuade readers to consume the product which is explained below. Logos, meaning ‘the persuasion by the use of reasoning’, is employed with the help of statistics and numbers to present the advertisement in a more sounding and convincing way, for instance ‘Anti-bacterial up to 99. 9%’, ‘decompose nearly 100% harmful formaldehyde’ and ’15 functions’ on the poster and the chart about the decomposition of formaldehyde which is printed on the third page. The present of these figures enhances the reliability and authorization of the paint. Moreover, people nowadays are more aware of the safety issue of each consumer products, especially for those one would contact with every day. It is skillful to use number instead of words to present this information because of its eye-catching effect. Majority tends to look at the figure before words. If the ‘99. 9%’ is changed to ‘almost all’, the appeal and the credibility would certainly lower. In addition, listing all the household bacteria under the asterisk in the first page is a wise act that can easily attract people’s attention to read through the lines. Even though some may have little knowledge about those terms, people could get a brief understanding on how many specifically bacteria can resist by this paint. The specific biological terms for bacteria raise a sense of the profession and reliability while reading it. Statistic and special terms are powerful devices to enhance its selling points significantly. Pathos, the persuasion by appealing to the readers’ emotion, is used with the ideas of family and health which is presented by both texts and images. On the down left-hand corner, it stresses on the first page that the product is ‘especially suitable for baby, pregnant woman and elder person. Under both the western and orient traditional family concept, these people are of utmost important and should be treated with special and intensive care. Their health conditions and feelings are the top of concerned. People would therefore provide the best for them at all cost. Moreover, by mentioning the ‘all-around 360 ° protection’ and ‘high conscious on health’ in the first page, those family-caring members would quickly appeal to this information to p rotect their family members. What’s more, the unique selling point of Nippon stands out and it shows that this brand cares and thinks of all your needs and worries. On the other hand, the images within the poster also contribute much on this section. Comparing to text, photos are more appealing, conspicuous and memorable. If someone just takes a quick look on this poster, he or she would immediately associate it to the topic of family bond and healthy life due to the existence of a pregnant woman and children. Most importantly, the image suggests a family can be closely bonded together by the activity of painting a wall. The smiling face of the mother-to-be and the active poses of others imply satisfactions towards the product and possibly the activity also. Comparatively speaking, the appeal of emotion is much irresistible and powerful than that of logical that can attract people to consume. Other rhetoric devices are found to enhance the effectiveness on promoting the paint in this advertisement, for example repetition of a certain words, homonym and resonance. Within the whole advertisement, the word ‘formaldehyde’ is repeated excessively for more than 15 times, which is a device used to stress on its chief selling point of the paints the importance of its abatement. The repetition assists to deepen the impression of this outstanding point which cannot be found in other products. Homonym is skillfully presented on the sentence ‘Life. Splendidly Colored. ’ on the left of the fourth page of the ads. Homonym means the same word is used that contains 2 different meaning within the line. The word ‘colored’ can be interpreted in 2 ways. The first one is the color of the paint which means if one paints his home with the ‘color’, one can live in a colored house to have a joyful life. On the other hand, it is referring to a fruitful and special character or distinguishing quality of lives. For resonance, it is a rhetorical device that requires readers to look at the relation between the picture and words, which are tightly bonded to present the idea together. An example can be found on the right of the fourth page. By solely reading the words ‘Colors. Embedded in the family’, readers may not be able to relate this sentence to the paint. However, with the image of wall and the color card, the intension of this sentence is clearer. People would be able to understand the word ‘colors’ refers to the paint. After reviewing the content and rhetoric devices Nippon Paint employed in this piece of promotional writing, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the writing is as following. This writing is effective in communicating the brand’s message to a certain extent only because of the small proportion of covering the environmental friendly part. As mentioned on the first paragraph, there are two main messages that Nippon would like us to focus on, the high quality of human lives and environment friendly. For the first art, it is successfully presented to readers. The whole catalogue shows their dedication on caring consumers’ health by continuously illustrating the abatement of formaldehyde, anti-bacteria and anti-fungus. It is successful in convincing readers that they are determined on manufacturing a paint that is perfectly suitable and healthy for everyone. The concept of family-conscio us is also clearly shown, no matter in the texts or images. However, the environmental friendly part is unfortunately missing from this writing which causes the loss of balance between the two focuses. In spite of the loss of balance, the products’ selling point is doubtlessly present in detail with that advanced technology. To improve this piece of promotional writing, the first thing should be inserting a catchy advertising slogan to highlight the unique selling point and make the advertisement more memorable, like ‘Color your home, color your lives and live with healthy lives’. Moreover, the number of paint colors should be mentioned on the first page to convince customers that Nippon also  cares your preferences. For the images part, there are only 3 family members painting on the wall, but not the pregnant mother. It seems to convey a message that the painting is not suitable for her and she is seemingly excluded from her family members. It is better to arrange her to paint with other family members to strengthen the family bond. In the first page, the absence of second-person pronoun gives a sense of distance to the readers. At last a tag for the call of action should be included to raise the readers’ interests on consuming it. The advertisement on the low left-hand corner of the first page can be re-written as follow, ‘Reducing the degree of formaldehyde released by your brand-new furniture amp; against nearly 99. % household bacteria*. This paint with all-around 360 ° protection for your beloved baby, pregnant woman and elder person is now available in HK and is waiting for a highly health-conscious person like you. ’ Along with the close dialogue with readers, the effect of promotion is most probably improved. They would view this advertisement as a piece of caring ad vice rather than a ‘hard-sell’ product which further enhances the positive reputation of the brand.

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buy custom MTV Networks Case essay 1. What strategy did MTV pursue when it initially started to expand internationally? What assumptions were managers at MTV making about foreign markets at the time? MTV had started to expand internationally back in 1987. During its initial expansion to international market, its strategy was to pursue European market by piping single feeds across Europe (Rugman, 2001). The feeds solely consisted of American programming with English-speaking hosts. At the time, managers at MTV assumed that their strategy would make European viewers flock the channel. Unfortunately, their strategy was not successful (Hill Jones, 2009). The failure was attributed to the fact that European viewers shared similar interest with the American viewers; they had a taste in local programming. As such, the Eropean viewers wanted music from specific scenes from specific countries. 2. Why strategy does MTV pursue today? What are the benefits of this strategy? What are the costs? Since 1995, MTV has changed its strategy of expanding into international markets. The channel has opted to target local programming ensuring that it meets specific needs of viewers at local level. For instance, in order to make the localization successful, the company provides regional feeds (Douglas Craig, 2005). Europe is broken into twenty five feeds and Asia into ten feeds that target specific local taste of the viewers. This strategy has benefited the company in various ways. For example, evolution of digital and satellite has rendered local programming easy and cheap (Hill, 2006). MTV is now able to bbeam several feeds of a single satellite transponder. Moreover, the strategy has ensured that the network captures its viewers back from local imitators. This has made MTV increase its ratings enabling it to capture significant advertising revenues from other multinational like Coca-Cola. 3. What must MTV do, in terms of its management and organization, to implement its current strategy? In order fro MTV to implement its current strategy on diverse brand base, it must conduct a survey that would ensure that the company understands specific needs of all of its brands, divisions, and businesses (Barnard, 2007). It must invest in processes that works in every business functions while at same time allows for flexibility based on strategy, structure and available resources. Buy custom MTV Networks Case essay

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Economics of race and gender questions - Assignment Example This is an acronym for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. It is a welfare program that is funded by the States and Federal government. It was deigned to support for families that fall in the low-income bracket and they have children. This is an acronym for Family and Medical Leave Act. This particular program gives employees who qualify the opportunity to go on an unpaid leave for specified reasons (medical or family) while the coverage of health insurance continues with identical terms and conditions. 2. Write a detailed summary of any two group presentations done in class beside the one you were involved as a member. We need the title, the main points of presentations and the conclusion relating to Economics of Race and Gender in US and the global Economy. ( 20points) Activities and changes that took place during this period. Not much information regarding the different roles is recorded during this period. This has been attributed to population pressure, ease in feeding livestock and religious reasons. The character that depicts the District Attorney’s wife who is Caucasian gets frightened from a street episode with a locksmith who is Mexican-American and has her door-locks changed and assumes she’ll be attacked by the locksmith later. This happens in the first scene where a Muslim man attempts to purchase a gun. The Caucasian store owner showcases negative attitude to him on account of his religion and the persistent stereotypes that are associated with being a

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Biology ( includes abstract, intro, results, dissections ) - Lab Report Example It was found from the comparison that the on average the northern population of Crotalus atrox has much greater heterozygosity than the southern population. Thus it can be considered that the northern population has more genetic variation than the southern population. Various reasons can be accounted for this genetic variation such as mutation in migration because of changed habitat, inbreeding within the southern population, as well as the genetic mechanisms such as genetic drift and gene flow bringing in forces like founder effect and population bottleneck. Therefore it can be concluded that the highway construction has impacted the genetic variations of the populations of Crotalus atrox. Crotalus atrox is an eminent species in semiarid communities, deserts of North America and reside in various regions. Although this specific rattlesnake’s species are not regarded as endangered, however, investigating this species will aid in the development of better protection and conservation practices (Brennan, 2008). The heterozygosity of Crotalus atrox, the Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake’s two populations has been explored in order to ascertain if any change has occurred within the microsatellite diversity amongst the chosen two populations of Crotalus atrox. Investigation of microsatellite diversity leads to better comprehension of genetic fitness and variation within the species. It also provides an opportunity to penetrate on ways of conservation to prevent endangerment caused by the human made (anthropogenic) barriers, which are introduced into the natural habitats. There have been various studies done to explore the influence of anthropogenic barriers on the lives of various organisms. Landscape genetics reveals the way landscape features may impact the population structure by associating genetic discontinuities with environmental or landscape features. These features include climatic, edaphic, biotic and other

Social Learning Theory And Tv Children And Young People Essay

Social Learning Theory And Tv Children And Young People Essay Children spend over 1,500 hours watching television in the course of a year; this amount of time spent in front of the television is significant when compared to the amount of hours a child spends in school, which is on average about 900 hours (Herr, 2007). Television impacts the lives of children in todays society with violence being the main message in the majority of shows. TV has become an ongoing controversial issue in which many researchers since the 1950s have conducted research studies. This paper will discuss Banduras social cognitive theory and research conducted within the last ten years in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of TV violence and children. Keywords: TV, violence, Bandura, social learning theory Introduction In todays ever evolving world of technology, television is at the top. While technology develops advancements and evolution, TV has maintained its popular presence. Postman (1985) states that television is our cultures way of knowing about itself and goes on to discuss how TV stages the world becomes the model for how the world is properly to be staged (p. 92). When the picture doesnt reflect reality, this is where issues arise. A child being brought up in this type of reality and never knowing life without a television makes them vulnerable to the negative effects of television. A childs cognitive development not being fully matured enough to understand violent messages that the media portrays becomes another issue that arises. Palmer, Hockett, and Dean (1983), found that for many children who watch TV programs geared for adults are not fully equipped emotionally or cognitively enough. Also it is to be noted that many of these children watch these types of program without adult supervision (p. 290). Difficulty to react emotionally to these types of TV messages is a lack of cognitive development (Potter, 2008, p. TV Violence 458). Potter (2008) further notes that until a child has developed certain knowledge structures, they will lack certain perspectives of how to view the world around them (p. 61). Television broadcasts many meaningful messages such as violence that not only entertains our children but has a huge impact on their lives. TVs popularity on violent programs has become an issue that many researchers have conducted research on since the 1950s. Gerbner states that being brought up around a violent culture develops aggressiveness, as well as, insecurity, anger, mistrust and desensitization in many (Stossel, 1997, p. 91). Many researchers attest that violent television viewing contributes to antisocial behaviors as well as other variable factors. Ongoing debates go on of whether long or short term effects of TV viewing occur, and children are the main focal group that needs special protection from the negative effects of violence on TV (Potter, 2008, p. 62). The TV generations of children are bleak bunch when compared to earlier generations of children who seemed to be more outgoing and playful (McLuhan Fiore, 1967, p. 126). Researchers today state that children who spend more time in front of the television are at a higher level of risk for developing antisocial effects. Just about every household in the United States has at least one television if not more, and with that said many children are being exposed to violent images and programs at a very young age. Flavell and Ross (1981) state that 4 to 6 year olds have little reflective understanding of their moral knowledge and have an intuitive moral competence that they answer questions about moral rules and in how they excuse their transgressions and react to the transgressions of others. (p. 288) The social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura in 1977 and states that everyday individuals observe the actions of others in ways of being rewarded, ignored, or punished (p. 46). This theory is most relevant theory in criminology. Social learning can take place at age; however, research has shown that social learning is most important during childhood years. With this has come the influential debate on the effects of children and TV violence. Banduras most famous research was based on his Bobo doll experiment that demonstrated social learning theory in that children are more likely to be violent towards a life size doll after watching an adult be violent to the doll on TV. Theory Relevance Banduras social learning theory emphasizes the importance as well as the modeling behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) further notes that Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own action to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviors is learned by observation through modeling; from observing others individuals tend to form ideas of how new behaviors are performed (p.22). Social learning theory further explains behavioral patterns as having been learned through operant conditioning and observation. Social learning theory extends its details by examining human behaviors through interactions within cognitive, behavioral and environmental influences. Components of social learning theory are: Attention Retention Motor Reproduction Motivation The reason why I chose to discuss social learning theory is mainly because of my own research I conducted a few years ago. The results were comparable to many of the other research studies conducted. Further I chose to discuss the social learning theory because I find it fascinating how this ties into criminal justice and may be a factor in why criminals commit crime. It is possible that criminals who commit crime were exposed to negative activities and never were taught right from wrong, leading many of these offenders to commit crime. It is up to the policy-makers to limit the amount of exposure of violence in the media from young children. It has been notes that violence contributes to 61% of TV programs that children view. Children arent the only ones affected by TV violence, adults are exposed to the same amount of violence as well and most arent even aware of it. In most recent technology, parents can restrict certain television shows from their children, and most recent laws now state that television rates must be present to rate the material being shown (e.g. amount of sexual content or violence). It is up to the government to put restrictions on certain types of shows in order to help restrict young views such as children from watching, which in tale can lead these children into an increased life of crime, thinking it is ok do what they see on TV. It is also up to the government to reduce the amount of violence portrayed on TV. Research Support The following will discuss previous studies conducted on television violence and its impact on children. Gerbners research called The Cultural Indicators Project has been noted to be one of the most widely referenced content analysis dealing with TV violence. In 1976, Gerbner and Gross conducted research with the use of a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. Their research entailed television programming and its concepts of social reality through a violent profile; which is a set of indicators along with the aspects of the TV world and the concepts of reality that are developed by viewers. In 1995, the Cultural Indicators Project had viewed over 25 years worth of TV programs, their observations consisted of over 3000 programs and 35,000 types of characters from thematic to action heroes (Signorielli, Gerbner, Morgan, 1995). Gerbners study focused mainly on physical, obvious violence, which was the most consistent within the data measuring TV violence (Signorielli, et al., 1995). Other types of research conducted were from the Berkeley Media Studies Group, which focused on new stations that showed real life violence on TV. The Berkeley Media Studies Group focused their research on TV news stations and how they structure the public and policy issue on violence in children (Dorfman, Woodruff, Chavez, Wallack, 1997). Here, researchers conducted over 214 hours worth of local news media in California. The media collected in this study was 1,791 stories related to children, violence, or both. It is to be noted that the research study was done around Halloween in hopes of having a higher rate of news related stories involving children and violence, as well as, any story involving anyone younger than 24 involved in a gang. The results of this study showed that the most frequent topic discussed on the news was in fact violence related (Dorfman, et al., p. 1312); with over 55% of the news stories shown were about children involved in violent acts and about 68% of the violence shown on the news worried children (p. 1314). In todays society, children dont know what it is like to not have a television or TV violence for that matter. Almost every household in the United States 99% has at least one TV in their household, whereas majority owns two or more (Herr, 2007). Bandura (2006) further states that more than half of households in the United States have three or more TVs (as cited in Potter, 2008, p. 5). The Kaiser Family Foundation (2010) conducted a study that found children ranging from ages 8 to 18 watch about 4  ½ hours of TV every day. It is also to be noted that this research found that 71% of these children had TVs in their bedrooms. With high saturation of TV programs, it is evident that there is also high presence of violent programming being watched by these young children. Further, Signorielli (2003) conducted analysis based on a 13 week television program that builds off of research from the Cultural Indicators Project. The results showed no change in level of violence from spring 1993 to fall 2001, where six of the television programs had violence (p. 53). In her study, Signorielli also found that the same amount of violence was being shown but within fewer characters in the TV programs. Therefore, violence on TV in the past 30 years has been found in 60% of TV programs, which breaks down to 4.5 acts per program (p. 54). Glascock (2008) also conducted analysis on children and TV violence, however Glascocks study was based on aggressive behavior (e.g. verbal, physical, and indirect acts of aggressiveness) and TV programs. With 6,599 aggressive acts analyzed, he found that TV programs air approximately 68 acts of aggression every hour (p. 274). Wilson, Smith, Potter, Kunkel, Linz, Colvin, and Donnerstein (2002) conducted a study on the nature as well as the extent of violence on television that mainly targeted children 12 years and younger (p. 5). Their results found that TV programs that targets children had more overall content of violence than non-children related TV shows (p. 29). Further, the results displayed over  ¾ of violent scenes in children shows had some type of humor, whereas  ¼ had aggression displayed in a humorous context (p. 22). With the results of this research Wilson, Colvin, and Smith (2002) wanted to further their research to offenders committing violence. With that said, they discovered that many of the violent offenders (89%) were adults, and children accounted for 4 to 7% based on age. When combined with the 2,500 hours of violent TV programs involved in this study, they discovered that younger offenders view TV violence once every hour and a half, were as adults are engaged 5 times an hour (p. 45). So the research result show that younger offender have a higher chance of being seen as attractive, having less punishment and are more involved in violence that have fewer end result to the victim (p. 53). Christakis and Zimmerman (2007) conducted a five-year observational, longitudinal study that discovered preschoolers; especially boys who view violence on TV do develop subsequent aggressive behavior (p. 996). Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski, and Eron (2003) conducted a 15 year longitudinal study that found high significance in both young boys and girls in relations to aggressive behavior after watch violent TV programs. (p. 203). They note that child ranging in ages from 6 to 9 who watch violent programs on TV that displayed aggressive same-sex characters, and had perceptions of TV violence being real had higher rates of aggression as adults (p. 215). In 1960, a man named Leonard Eron surveyed every eight year old in Columbus County, New York. He stated I want to measure child-rearing practices as they relates to aggression. The parents asked such questions as: Had they read Dr. Spock? How often did their child watch TV? What was their childs favorite show? The results of this survey showed that the more aggressive children watched higher amounts of violent TV programs. However, did watching TV make these children more aggressive or were aggressive children watching violent TV programs? The U.S. Surgeon General formed a committee on TV and social behavior and asked Eron to survey the Columbia County children from 1960 (The Education Digest, October 1994). In 1971, Eron found about 500 of the now 19 year olds from the original sample of 875 children. The Correlation between viewing violence at age 8 and how aggressive the individual was at age 19 was higher than the correlation between watching violence at age 8 and behaving aggressively at age 8. Further, Eron once again was asked to further conduct his study in 1981, using 400 of the subjects being studied again, along with 80 of their offsprings (The Education Digest, October 1994). 30 year old men who had been the most aggressive when they were 8 had more arrests for drunk driving and violent crime and were more abusive to their spouses. Of the 600 subjects whose criminal records were reviewed; those who watched violent TV programs when they were 8 had been arrested more often for violent crimes and self reported fights when consuming alcohol. (The Education Digest, October 1994). In 1973, Tannis McBeth Williams studied children in a Canadian town before and after the town got TV; the results found that creativity dropped and that within two years after the town received the arrival of TV the rates of hitting, shoving, and biting among first and second graders had increased by 160%. Further studies discovered, 10 to 15 years after the TV was introduced, murder rates doubled (Newsweek, December, 1995). Bandura (1960) conducted a study on preschoolers and let them watch TV footage of a man hitting a bobo or clown doll. Afterwards, the children who saw the violent footage were more likely to mimic the same motions the adult did to the doll. Further studies have shown that these child also spontaneously would act out towards a man dressed as a clown as well, indicating that TV violence might spill easily into the real world. In another twist, a group of children saw a similar piece of footage of a man hitting a doll but being spanked for the actions. The children who watched this footage were less likely to attack the doll themselves (Newsweek, December, 1995). Discussion Current and past research has shown that many of the children who view violent content on TV at a young age do grow up to be violent. Banduras research with the Bobo doll clearly shows the effects of violence on children. In a study covering from 1982 to 1992, researchers found that for every 10 prime-time male characters who commit violence, 11 were victims. For every 10 female offenders, there were 17 female victims and for every 10 women of color given power, 22 were victimized (Newsweek, December 1995). Research also shows that 10% of violence comes from what we learn as children. Numerous years of research on this subject has proven that the more violence children are brought up around the more they think it is ok. It is also to be noted that this type of research establishes causation, which can determine cause and effect between variable. Not all research on this violence and children are accurate, not all children grow up to be violent offenders either. This is where most of the research becomes weak. There is no evidence or other factors that are tested to prove that TV violence is in fact the only contributor to offenders committing violent acts of crime. Much of these studies have been controlled type studies, and with this, controlled studies can be artificial, or done in a lab type setting which tends to eliminate real life effects on this type of study. It also should be noted that much of the research conducted on this subject have been done in previous years where exposure to TV violence was mild compared to current TV programs. Also, studies conducted in past years had fewer channels to choose from limiting the amount of available violent content. Studies suggest a high correlation between exposure to TV violence and violent behavior. Results of studies should be used to educate the public, parents, children, and programmers. Further, making suggestions on what can be utilized from parents, and criminologist may also help understand better the correlation between the two. Awareness on TV violence needs to be utilized in order to see who is at higher risks of violence. With the use of TV ratings on shows, parents are able to decide what shows there children are allowed to watch and in return reduce the amount of violence young children watch, reducing the effects of young children committing crime. Summary and Conclusions In todays society not many individuals can say they can pass the day without engaging in some sort of use of the television; whether it is used for entertainment or background noise. Signorielli (2006) notes that the television is the most all-encompassing mass medium in the United States and with this Postman (1992) stresses the need for American culture to change its concepts on reality expressed through TV (p. 19). Banduras (1986) social learning theory discussed that individuals are not driven by the inner forces nor are automatically shaped and controlled by external stimuli. However, he further states that human functioning is utilized in a way of modeling a triadic reciprocality, where behavior, personal and cognitive factors as well as environment interact with one another and are the determinates of one another (p. 18). Limitations of the studies discussed throughout this paper have demonstrated both past and present research and has been noted that it is impossible to control the factors such as environment, cognitive, and personal factors. With limitations within the data sets it is to be known that any analysis used from this data can be flawed. Further research needs to include factors such as social class, family communications and issues, parental monitoring, aggression within the family, viewing habits of television from both parents and children and many more. Recommendations for Further Study As television, programming, and audience evolves, research that is conducted also needs to evolve, as well as the types of questions being asked. For example, content analysis cannot focus mainly on certain prime-time TV shows on cable, for there are many more different types and channels on satellite, digital video recording (DVR) as well as live streaming off the internet, which have all changed the individuals viewing habits. With the popularity of news programs and reality shows Glascock (2008) states these types of programs need to be added to the analysis as well. Music television, advertising, public broadcast and even sports have been forgotten as well within this research. It is also to be noted that very little attention has been put on violent vs. nonviolent content on TV. Another factor that is an important variable for this research is how nonviolent programs affect and assist in better understand modeling behaviors in children. Much of Banduras evidence from his social learning theory is highly supported those individuals who view and enjoy TV more than others tend to like or relate to certain characters. Therefore, when these individuals see their character that they relate to act out with use of violence, that individual becomes excepting to that type of violence, leading them to have higher risks of committing crimes themselves. Research studies from the year 2000 to the present need to be investigated and address future research with questions such as: What types of progress and/or new conclusions can be used to identify certain effects that impact children who view violence on television? Has any new understandings or developments emerged within the last ten years that relate to TV violence and aggressive behavior in children and adults? However, many media effects researchers have began to look into studies on prevention and interventions. These types of studies use the social learning approach used in TV violence research and are examining process of comprehension, interpretation, and evaluating types of aggressive acts. Murray (2008) suggests that further researcher needs to involve neurological correlations of viewing TV violence (p. 1223). Many researchers are beginning to worry about addictions and dependency on TV. Researchers such as Anderson, Berkowitz, Donnerstein, Huesmann, Johnson, Linz, Malamuth, Wartella (2003) suggest that more parental monitoring as well as better guidance need to be put in place. Walma van der Molen (2004) go further to discuss the important of families, schools, and children doctors in helping to promote awareness on TV violence and its effects to children, more so on topics of real life violence and its effects (p. 1771). It is to be noted that no one kid is immune to the effects of TV violence, many children who are exposed to violent TV at a young age are at higher risk of committing crimes as young adults as well as adults. Further evidence has shown that any child from any family, city or any other type of background has the risk of learning and behaving more aggressively when exposed to violence on TV. Conclusions Almost everything on television can now be categorized as reality yet all of it is seen as entertainment. With the television making its presence in homes long ago, it has since moved its way into where we work, our schools, on our phones and even in our cars. Leading more of todays children demanding more time spent watching it. Much of the research in this paper supports the notion that constant viewing of violence on TV leads to more acceptance aggression and violent behaviors. Banduras social learning theory further discusses that if individuals have a strong link to a certain character and the character receives rewards, punishments or uses violence, the individual is more likely to act like the character and display the same type of behavior (Nabi Clark, 2008, p. 407). Research has shown time and time again that the lack of punishments and remorse that is displayed leads to a false reality and decreased sensitivity; leading more children to think it is ok to be aggressive and commit crimes and with no guidance from parents children will grow up to think this type of behavior is ok, which will lead many of children to grow up and end up in jail (Caputo, 1993; American Association of Pediatrics Committee on Communications, 1995; Signorielli, Gerbner, Morgan, 1995; Federman, 1996-1998; Peters Blumberg, 2002; Wilson, Colvin Smith, 2002; Potter, 2008; Richmond Wilson, 2008). Decrease sensitivity is desensitization. Many children model and react the same way they see things on TV, leading many children to grow up being insensitive, lazy, and having a lack of concern in emotional situations and these types of attitudes are seen in many of the criminals today. Desensitization can range differently for many individuals, however, the results are the both negative; for an individual will have a decreased amount of emotional reactions from the violent views or will have no regards to the consequences of violent acts they commit. 5,958 young children ages 10 to 24 were murdered in 2006 from gunfire, this is on average a total of 16 children being murdered every day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). These murder rates are higher than children deaths due to cancer, AIDS/HIV, asthma, influenza, and pneumonia combined (Childrens Defense Fund, 2004, as cited by AAFP.org, 2010). With no proof leading to the reasons why children use guns and kill can only lead to possibilities that violence on TV is in fact a key factor. With many young children in todays society growing up having more antisocial behaviors leads many to believe that the majority of these children will in fact grow up and become criminals or will commit more crimes as a young adult. When paired with the amount of time children are exposed to violence on TV it is easy to see the correlation linked to antisocial behaviors which leads many individuals to commit crime.

Art as Nazi Propaganda

Abby Hutt HUM 324 1 December 2008 Art as Propaganda in Nazi Germany Having been an artist himself, Hitler understood the potential power of imagery in moving the masses. â€Å"We shall discover and encourage the artists who are able to impress upon the State of the German people the cultural stamp of the Germanic race . . . in their origin and in the picture which they present, they are the expressions of the soul and the ideals of the community† (Hitler, Party Day speech, 1935, qtd. Nazi Approved Art).It is true that, with every culture throughout history, art represents â€Å"the ideals of the community,† but it is clear that during the Third Reich, these â€Å"ideals† were controlled by the Nazi Party. Hitler transformed the role of the artist to promote Germany and glorify the nation and his own ideals. Artists who did not comply with Hitler’s ideals risked their life, and therefore, there is an absence of social realism in German art during this time. The artists of Nazi Germany commonly depicted beautiful pastoral scenes, the heroism of German soldiers, the â€Å"volk† (common folk) as Aryans in peaceful settings, and the evils of the Jewish people.These kinds of stereotypes were useful in art, in that they were extremely simplistic, and therefore easily interpreted by the masses. Even the uneducated, the people who couldn’t read, could view these kinds of paintings and sculptures and understand them, but more importantly, could be moved by them. In the early twentieth century, there were radical changes being made in the art world. Modern movements such as Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and Expressionism were not easily understood by the masses. They were not universally appreciated, and in fact, seen as â€Å"elitist† by many, or even â€Å"degenerate† by others.Max Nordau, a physician and social critic, wrote Degeneration, in which he attacks â€Å"degenerate† modern art. â€Å"Such a style of painting may be compared to the disconnected speech of a weak mind, who chatters according to the current of the association of ideas, wanders in his talk, and neither knows himself, what he wishes to arrive at, nor is able to make it clear to us† (Nordau 84). Nordau presents several case studies of artists and writers, his main point being that society is degenerating and that it is both partially caused by and reflected in modern art.Despite being Jewish, and using anti-semitism as an example of degeneration, Nordau’s â€Å"scientific† attack against modern art, and the phrase â€Å"degenerate† was recycled by the German Nationalist Socialists in order to promote their own style of art as propaganda. It is clear that the artists of the Third Reich did not â€Å"wander† in their message, and knew precisely what they wanted to make clear to the public. Hitler expressed his disgust with modern â€Å"degenerate† art, â€Å"As for the degene rate artists, I forbid them to force their so-called experiences upon the public.If they do see fields blue, they are deranged, and should go to an asylum. If they only pretend to see them blue, they are criminals, and should go to prison. I will purge the nation of them† (Hitler, qtd. Gardner 110). This is a perfect example of the way in which Hitler adjusted the intellectual level of his message in order to appeal to the masses. Yourman identifies one of the major propaganda techniques of the Nazi party as â€Å"name-calling. † â€Å"’Name calling’ is a device to make us form a judgement without examining the evidence on which it should be based. Here, the propagandist appeals to our hate and fear† (Yourman 149).Hitler calls modern artists deranged, degenerate, criminals. It seems that, during this time, modern art was not widely understood by the public, and it is for this reason that Hitler was easily able to persuade the masses into both fearin g and hating this type of art, as well as accepting the more realistic and simplistic Nazi propaganda. In September of 1933, Reichskulturkammer (Reich Culture Chamber) was established. Within the chamber, subgroups were established for music, film, literature, and visual arts, consisting of racially pure artists who would promote the Third Reich.In 1937, the Haus der Kunst (â€Å"House of Art†) was erected by the Third Reich, in order to showcase the finest German art approved by the Third Reich. It was to hold two annual juried art shows, called â€Å"The Great German Art Exhibition† and â€Å"The German Architecture and Crafts Exhibiton. † July 16th was declared the â€Å"Day of German Art,† an annual holiday to coincide with the exhibitions (Kasher 53). At the opening of the Huas der Kunst, Hitler gave a speech in which he declared, â€Å"†¦the artist does not produce for the artist, he produces for the people, just as everybody else does! And we are going to take care that it will be the people who from ow on will again be called upon as judges over its art†¦. For an art that cannot count on the most joyful and most heartfelt assent of the healthy, broad masses of the people, but relies on small, partly interested, partly disingenuous cliques, is intolerable† (Hitler, qtd. Werckmeister 337) Again, Hitler was appealing to the masses by portraying Nazi propaganda as the art of the people. He convinces them that they are the true judges of art, instead of the â€Å"elitist† modern artists. The Reich Culture Chamber held a Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich at the same time as The Great German Art Exhibition.After seizing about 17,000 works of art from German museums, they displayed about 600 of them in their famous in the exhibition. â€Å"Exhibition organizers surrounded the paintings and sculpture with mocking graffiti and quotations from Hitler's speeches, designed to inflame public opinion against this â€Å"decadent† avant-garde art. Ironically, the exhibition attracted five times as many visitors (36,000 on one Sunday alone) as the equally large â€Å"Great German Art Exhibition† of Nazi-approved art that opened in Munich at the same time† (Philadelphia Museum of Art).Arno Breker was â€Å"the official state sculptor† of the Third Reich. He had studied sculpture in Paris and Berlin, and he was discovered by the Nazi Party, when his sculpture Decathlete came in second in the sculpture competition for the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. After being appointed by Hitler as official state sculptor, he was given a studio and assistants. The majority of Breker’s works consist of muscular male nudes that were meant to symbolize a nation young, natural, healthy, and moral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kasher 10). One of Breker’s most famous works is Die Partei, a statue meant to represent the spirit of the Nazi party.Heinrich Hoffman was considered the leading Nazi ph otographer. He was a friend of Hitler’s and he documented the rise of the Nazi party. He was eventually appointed by Hitler as a national photojournalist, with the â€Å"exclusive right to issue photographs of Hitler† (Kasher 17). He ran his own business, hired other photographers, published several photobooks glorifying the Nazi party, and distributed photographs to the press, which did the same. One of the most successful forms of Nazi propaganda, however, seemed to be the Nazi Party posers, which exhibited â€Å"volkisch† thought, appealing to the â€Å"common people. Hitler was shown in posters, as somewhat of a mystical figure, guiding the destiny of the people of Germany. â€Å"The essentially negative anti-parliamentarianism of Nazi propaganda led to the projection of the ‘Fuhrer-myth', which depicted Hitler as both charismatic superman and man of the people† (Welch). Many paintings and posters portrayed Hitler in the ‘renaissance pose ', with one knee up, with the slogan â€Å"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fuhrer† (â€Å"One People, One Nation, One Leader†).Beginning in the late 1930s, the tone of Nazi propaganda reflected the increasingly radical view of anti-semitism. â€Å"The Jewish stereotypes shown in such propaganda served to reinforce anxieties about modern developments in political and economic life, without bothering to question the reality of the Jewish role in German society† (Welch). The transition from the popularity of avant-garde visual arts in Germany to the art of the Third Reich, is somewhat symbolic of the entire manner in which Hitler gained control over Germany.His words from Mein Kampf foreshadow this, â€Å"The greater the mass it is intended to reach, the lower its purely intellectual level will have to be† (Hitler, qtd. Asheville 464). Hitler understood the power of imagery in persuading the German people, especially the uneducated. The uneducated could understand the simplistic style and subject matter of the art of the Third Reich. The Nazi Party played off of the fears of the German people, which was why the demoralization of modern art and the glorification of the Nazi Party was so successful in Nazi Germany.Works Cited â€Å"Degenerate Art. † Philadelphia Museum of Art. 2008. . Forster, E. M. Commonplace Book. Standford: Stanford University Press, 1985. Heskett, John. â€Å"Art and Design in Nazi Germany. † History Workshop, No. 6 (1978), pp. 139-153. Oxford University Press Stable. Ramsey Library University of North Carolina. (Nov. 26, 2008) . Kasher, Steven. â€Å"The Art of Hitler. † October, Vol. 59, (Winter, 1992), pp. 48-85. The MIT Press. Ramsey Library University of North Carolina. (Nov. 26 2008) . Nordau, Max. Degeneration. New York City: D.Appleton and Company, 1895. Welch, David. â€Å"Nazi Propaganda. † World War II. BBC. . Werckmeister, O. K. â€Å"‘Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant-Ga rde in Nazi Germany. † The Art Bulletin 79. n2 (June 1997): 337(5). Academic OneFile. Gale. Univ of North Carolina Asheville. 26 Nov. 2008. . Yourman, Julius. â€Å"Propaganda Techniques Within Nazi Germany. † Journal of Educational Sociology. Vol. 13, No. 3, Education Under Nazism (Nov. , 1939), pp. 148-163. American Sociological Association. Ramsey Library University of North Carolina. (Nov. 26 2008) .

Dirty, Pretty Things

The movie Dirty Pretty Things was directed by Stephen Frears.   He directed films like Hero and the award-winning High Fidelity.   The movie stars Chiwetel Ejiofor as Okwe and Audrey Tautou as Senay who are the two main characters of the film.   The story begins with Okwe as a cab driving looking for passengers in the airport.   After the end of his shift as cab driver, the story reveals that he has a second job at the front desk of the Baltic Hotel as a receptionist. In the Baltic Hotel, viewers are introduced to the rest of the cast.   Senay is a young Turkish Muslim woman working as a cleaning lady.   Other key players are Ivan, the hotel’s greeter, Seà ±or â€Å"Sneaky† Juan, the hotel operator, and Juliette, a prostitute.   In between Okwe’s 2 jobs, he regularly meets with Guo Yi, a legal immigrant working at a mortuary and his friend. The film is about Okwe and emigrant workers trying to survive in life in London.   In Britain’s beautiful city, they are the invisible people that do what must be done in order to keep the city running.   They are the ones that drive, clean, and prostitute themselves for a city that fails to acknowledge their presence.   In surviving, they labor and work hard but they are not recognized as legal citizens.   Gui Yi expresses this when he tells Okwe, â€Å"you are illegal†¦ you have nothing†¦ you are nothing.† Because they have no identity, there is also an element of abuse.   Senay was forced to leave her job at the Baltic Hotel because of the Immigration Enforcement Directive.   They were investigating her because she is not supposed to be employed or receive any rent for a period of 6 months.   In fleeing, she gets a job in a sweatshop making clothes.   Her boss finds out that Immigration Enforcement was after her and decided to blackmail her into performing sexual favors. The story is also about secrets hidden away to keep a faà §ade of beauty and to make it seem like nothing is wrong.   Okwe finds in the lavatory of hotel room 510 a human heart.   Unknowingly, he has stumbled into a dark secret that the hotel operator Sneaky is hiding.   The hotel operator preys on immigrants, getting them to sell their kidneys for a passport – an identity.   In return, Sneaky gets  £10,000, profiting from desperate people who will face death just to finally have an identity. Sneaky also manages to uncover Okwe’s dark past.   Okwe was a Nigerian doctor charged with murdering his wife and is now in London after fleeing from his home country to escape prosecution.   Sneaky offered Okwe a job as the person to perform the operations so that human hearts from dead migrants no longer find their way into lavatories.   The story plays out and Okwe finally agrees to perform the operation on Senay.   But Okwe and Senay conspired instead to drug Sneaky and perform the operation on him instead and sold his kidney. After selling Sneaky’s kidney, the 2 main characters finally had enough money to escape.   The movie was also about running and hiding, as migrant workers without legal identities are forced to escape from one authority to the next.   With enough money, Senay flies to her cousin in New York and Okwe returns home to his daughter Valerie in Nigeria.   With the money the running was finally over for Okwe and Senay and their parting at London’s airport is symbolic.   For Senay, she finally got an identity, leaving behind â€Å"Senay† and becoming â€Å"Isabella†.   For Okwe, he finally faced his fear of persecution to go back to Nigeria and his daughter, Valerie. I recommend the film for anyone who appreciates films that depict genuine stories, away from the fantasies that a lot of films today offer.   Dirty Pretty Things shows a great, beautiful city like London from the perspective of regular people with everything to gain and a great deal to hide. Stephen Frears successfully presents viewers with a taste of the hardship that invisible people undergo just to survive.

Should The United States Get Involved During The Middle East

Should the United States get involved in the Middle East? President Obama stated in his Anti-Terror Strategy address, We continue to face a terrorist threat. We cannot erase every trace of evil from the world, and small groups of killers have the capacity to do great harm. That was the case before 9/11, and that remains true today† (Obama).The Middle East today is composed of very complicated religious tensions, unstable states, and rising terrorist organizations. The collapse of central governments and the rise of powerful non-state actors breed problems that foreign powers and the world’s only superpower, simply should begin to address. Many argue that the involvement in the Middle East is not our problem and that it will only cause our national debt to increase. As human beings we must began to realize the crimes against humanity occurring in the region and ask ourselves one question, can we truly turn a blind eye to the hundreds of innocent people dying and at what cost? The United States of America must get involved in the Middle East to ensure justice is achieved and maintained. Our interference will decrease the chances of terrorist attacking U.S. soil, and our military involvement will save the lives of many innocent citizens caught up in the turmoil. The United States must protect its interests and allies in the region. America stands for freedom, justice, and dignity; we must take a stand to defend ourselves and those in need, if we truly want to uphold theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Us Foreign Affairs1252 Words   |  6 PagesAffairs The U.S. should rarely be involved with foreign affairs that are international as well as violent. They should only be involved in specific situations such as when they must save victims in other countries. 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